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General Config Tips

When defining configurations, specify the latest stable API version (currently v1).

Configuration files should be stored in version control before being pushed to the cluster. This allows a configuration to be quickly rolled back if needed, and will aid with cluster re-creation and restoration if necessary.

Write your configuration files using YAML rather than JSON. They can be used interchangeably in almost all scenarios, but YAML tends to be more user-friendly for config.

Group related objects together in a single file where this makes sense. This format is often easier to manage than separate files. See the guestbook-all-in-one.yaml file as an example of this syntax. (Note also that many kubectl commands can be called on a directory, and so you can also call kubectl create on a directory of config files— see below for more detail).

Don’t specify default values unnecessarily, in order to simplify and minimize configs, and to reduce error. For example, omit the selector and labels in a ReplicationController if you want them to be the same as the labels in its podTemplate, since those fields are populated from the podTemplate labels by default. See the guestbook app’s .yaml files for some examples of this.

Put an object description in an annotation to allow better introspection.

“Naked” Pods vs Replication Controllers and Jobs

If there is a viable alternative to naked pods (i.e., pods not bound to a replication controller ), go with the alternative. Naked pods will not be rescheduled in the event of node failure.

Replication controllers are almost always preferable to creating pods, except for some explicit restartPolicy: Never scenarios. A Job object (currently in Beta), may also be appropriate.

Services

It’s typically best to create a service before corresponding replication controllers, so that the scheduler can spread the pods comprising the service. You can also create a replication controller without specifying replicas (this will set replicas=1), create a service, then scale up the replication controller. This can be useful in ensuring that one replica works before creating lots of them.

Don’t use hostPort (which specifies the port number to expose on the host) unless absolutely necessary, e.g., for a node daemon. When you bind a Pod to a hostPort, there are a limited number of places that pod can be scheduled, due to port conflicts— you can only schedule as many such Pods as there are nodes in your Kubernetes cluster.

If you only need access to the port for debugging purposes, you can use the kubectl proxy and apiserver proxy or kubectl port-forward. You can use a Service object for external service access. If you do need to expose a pod’s port on the host machine, consider using a NodePort service before resorting to hostPort.

Avoid using hostNetwork, for the same reasons as hostPort.

Use headless services for easy service discovery when you don’t need kube-proxy load balancing. See headless services.

Using Labels

Define and use labels that identify semantic attributes of your application or deployment. For example, instead of attaching a label to a set of pods to explicitly represent some service (e.g., service: myservice), or explicitly representing the replication controller managing the pods (e.g., controller: mycontroller), attach labels that identify semantic attributes, such as { app: myapp, tier: frontend, phase: test, deployment: v3 }. This will let you select the object groups appropriate to the context— e.g., a service for all “tier: frontend” pods, or all “test” phase components of app “myapp”. See the guestbook app for an example of this approach.

A service can be made to span multiple deployments, such as is done across rolling updates, by simply omitting release-specific labels from its selector, rather than updating a service’s selector to match the replication controller’s selector fully.

To facilitate rolling updates, include version info in replication controller names, e.g. as a suffix to the name. It is useful to set a ‘version’ label as well. The rolling update creates a new controller as opposed to modifying the existing controller. So, there will be issues with version-agnostic controller names. See the documentation on the rolling-update command for more detail.

Note that the Deployment object obviates the need to manage replication controller ‘version names’. A desired state of an object is described by a Deployment, and if changes to that spec are applied, the deployment controller changes the actual state to the desired state at a controlled rate. (Deployment objects are currently part of the extensions API Group.)

You can manipulate labels for debugging. Because Kubernetes replication controllers and services match to pods using labels, this allows you to remove a pod from being considered by a controller, or served traffic by a service, by removing the relevant selector labels. If you remove the labels of an existing pod, its controller will create a new pod to take its place. This is a useful way to debug a previously “live” pod in a quarantine environment. See the kubectl label command.

Container Images

The default container image pull policy is IfNotPresent, which causes the Kubelet to not pull an image if it already exists. If you would like to always force a pull, you must specify a pull image policy of Always in your .yaml file (imagePullPolicy: Always) or specify a :latest tag on your image.

That is, if you’re specifying an image with other than the :latest tag, e.g. myimage:v1, and there is an image update to that same tag, the Kubelet won’t pull the updated image. You can address this by ensuring that any updates to an image bump the image tag as well (e.g. myimage:v2), and ensuring that your configs point to the correct version.

Note: you should avoid using :latest tag when deploying containers in production, because this makes it hard to track which version of the image is running and hard to roll back.

Using kubectl

Use kubectl create -f <directory> where possible. This looks for config objects in all .yaml, .yml, and .json files in <directory> and passes them to create.

Use kubectl delete rather than stop. Delete has a superset of the functionality of stop, and stop is deprecated.

Use kubectl bulk operations (via files and/or labels) for get and delete. See label selectors and using labels effectively.

Use kubectl run and expose to quickly create and expose single container Deployments. See the quick start guide for an example.

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